The Children Who Escaped the Nazis

On December 2, 1938, a ship docked at Harwich, England. Among its passengers were 196 children, all traveling without their parents. Clutching the few things they had with them, they stepped down the gangplank into a strange new country—and a new chance at life.

Less than a month before, the orphanage where they’d lived in Berlin, Germany, had been burned down by Nazis. The horrific act was part of a shocking night of violence and destruction against Jewish homes, schools, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany, as well as in Nazi-controlled Austria and part of Czechoslovakia. (Czecho­slovakia is now two separate countries, Czechia and Slovakia.)

The attacks that took place on the night known as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) set off alarm bells throughout Europe (see “Key Moments,” below). There was no longer any doubt that Germany’s Nazi government was intensifying its hostile actions against the Jewish people of the continent.

In the wake of Kristallnacht, the British government agreed to take in and protect Jewish children from Nazi-controlled areas of Europe.

Between December 1938 and May 1940, a series of rescue efforts known as the Kinder­transport saved the lives of some 10,000 children, most of them Jewish, fleeing from Nazi threats. (Kinder is German for “children.”)

But the parents and other loved ones of those children had no choice but to stay behind. Few of them survived World War II (1939-1945). The rest are among the 6 million Jewish people killed by the Nazis during the Holocaust.

What led to the crisis that made the Kindertransport necessary? In January 1933, Adolf Hitler became Germany’s leader. He and his Nazi Party had risen to power in part by tapping into prejudice against the country’s Jewish residents, falsely blaming them for Germany’s severe social and economic troubles after the nation’s  loss in World War I (1914-18). That type of prejudice (known as anti-Semitism) had long existed in Europe. But once in control, Hitler focused the full power of his government on wiping out all Jewish people.

It started with a series of new laws that restricted which jobs Jewish residents could hold, where they could live, and what they could study. Soon Jewish citizens had to carry cards that identified them as being of Jewish heritage. Failing to obey such laws could get a person beaten, arrested, or imprisoned.

By 1938, tens of thousands of Jewish people had fled Germany—but were finding fewer and fewer safe places to go. In July of that year, nations such as the United States, Great Britain, and France met to discuss the “refugee problem.” Swayed by their own anti-Semitic suspicions and fears, officials denied most Jewish refugees permission to cross their borders.

But that November, following Kristall­nacht, British leaders changed course. A rescue operation was quickly organized, with the first Kindertransport group leaving Germany on December 1.

Over the next nine months, thousands of Jewish parents made the heart-wrenching decision to send their children away in order to save them. Hundreds of volunteers took on the perilous task of smuggling groups of kids from collection points in the cities of Berlin, Vienna, and Prague to seaports, then by ship or boat across the English Channel to Britain (see map, above).

Then, on September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded neighboring Poland. World War II had begun.

A few more rescue efforts succeeded after that, but the war effectively ended the Kinder­transport. With German planes bombing British vessels in the English Channel, it became too dangerous to ferry kids across.

Charlotte Keiderling was one of the children who owed her life to a Kindertransport rescue. Born Charlotte Berger in Austria in 1931, she shared her story last year in this interview by eighth-grader Kyla Page.