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1. Formerly Swaziland
2. Does not include Hong Kong and Macau.
3. Does not include separate Turkish Cypriot–controlled area in the north.
4. Does not include Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territory of the West Bank.
5. China disputes Taiwan’s independence, claiming it as part of China.
6. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a collective presidency that alternates among three members (one Croat, one Bosniak Muslim, and one Serb).
7. Czechia is now the official short-form name of the Czech Republic.
8. Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in 2008. As of September 2026, it had been recognized by about 100 countries, including the U.S.
9. Formerly Macedonia
10. Figures do not include Crimea, a Ukrainian territory that Russia illegally annexed in 2014.

SOURCES
• Area: Britannica.com
• Population, population change: World Bank and World Population Review
• Urban population, population under 15, per capita GDP: World Bank
• Capital: GeographyFieldwork.com and news accounts
• Languages, date of origin: World Book Encyclopedia and Britannica.com
• Political system: Freedom in the World (Freedom House) and news accounts
• Head of government: rulers.org and news accounts
• Literacy rate: World Bank and World Atlas
• Life expectancy: United Nations Population Fund
• HDI: Human Development Report 2026 (United Nations Development Programme)
• Most figures are the latest available as of May 2026; heads of government are as of September 2026.