Everyone there knew they were witnessing history. One morning in July, a South Carolina Highway Patrol honor guard marched up to a flagpole on the grounds of the State House in Columbia, the capital. Before a crowd of about 10,000 people, they ceremoniously lowered the battle flag of the Confederacy, folded it, and took it away. 

It was a moment packed with emotion. Some in attendance chanted “U.S.A.!” in celebration. “I didn’t think I’d live to see this,” said James Johnson, who witnessed the event. For him, the flag represented slavery—the main cause of the Civil War (1861–1865)—and the oppression of blacks like himself in the South for more than a century after the war.

Others in the crowd weren’t so happy. Robert Hines, who is white, stood quietly holding small Confederate flags. “We had 22,000 South Carolinians die under the flag,” he told a reporter. For him and many others, the banner remains a symbol of pride and heritage.

The flag at the State House had been dividing South Carolinians since it was first flown there in 1961. Over the years, people made many attempts to have it removed, and demonstrators by the thousands marched for or against it. In 2000, lawmakers compromised by having the flag moved from the State House dome to a flagpole in front of the building. Opponents of the flag remained frustrated.

Then came Dylann Roof. On June 17, 2015, the 21-year-old white man opened fire at a service at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church in Charleston,

South Carolina. Nine people were killed, all of them black. After Roof was arrested, authorities discovered his website. Along with racist rants against blacks, it showed Roof posing with symbols of the Confederacy, including the flag.

The shootings shocked the nation. Americans resumed debating an old question: Are symbols of the Confederacy, like the flag, and memorials to its heroes displays of Southern pride, or are they racist?

Many South Carolinians again called for taking down the State House flag—and Governor Nikki Haley agreed. “One hundred and fifty years after the end of the Civil War, the time has come,” she said. 

While the State Senate debated the matter, senators mourned one of their own: Clementa Pinckney, who was also pastor of the church in Charleston and one of the dead. Despite resistance from some legislators, a majority agreed to remove the flag. A day later, it was gone. Yet the debate over the symbols of the Confederacy and where they fit in America today continues.

Everyone there knew they were witnessing history. One morning in July, a South Carolina Highway Patrol honor guard marched up to a flagpole on the grounds of the State House in Columbia, the capital. Before a crowd of about 10,000 people, they ceremoniously lowered the battle flag of the Confederacy. Then they folded it and took it away.

It was a moment packed with emotion. Some people chanted “U.S.A.!” in celebration. “I didn’t think I’d live to see this,” said James Johnson, who witnessed the event. For him, the flag represented slavery, the main cause of the Civil War (1861–1865). It also represented the oppression of blacks like himself in the South for more than a century after the war.

Others in the crowd weren’t so happy. Robert Hines, who is white, stood quietly holding small Confederate flags. “We had 22,000 South Carolinians die under the flag,” he told a reporter. For him and many others, the banner remains a symbol of pride and heritage.

The flag at the State House had been dividing South Carolinians since it was first flown there in 1961. Over the years, people tried many times to have it removed. Demonstrators by the thousands marched for or against it. In 2000, lawmakers compromised by ­having the flag moved from the State House dome to a flagpole in front of the building. Opponents of the flag remained frustrated.

Then came Dylann Roof. On June 17, 2015, the 21-year-old white man opened fire at a service at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church in Charleston, South Carolina. Nine people were killed, all of them black. After Roof was arrested, authorities discovered his website. Along with racist rants against blacks, it showed Roof posing with symbols of the Confederacy, including the flag.

The shootings shocked the nation. Americans again debated an old question: Are symbols of the Confederacy displays of Southern pride, or are they racist?

Many South Carolinians again called for taking down the State House flag. Governor Nikki Haley agreed. “One hundred and fifty years after the end of the Civil War, the time has come,” she said.

While the State Senate debated the matter, senators mourned one of their own, Clementa Pinckney. He was also pastor of the church in Charleston and one of the dead. Despite resistance from some legislators, a majority agreed to remove the flag. A day later, it was gone. Yet the debate over the symbols of the Confederacy and where they fit in America today continues.

The Confederate flag is deeply ingrained in Southern life. It’s flown proudly from houses, from vehicles, and by fans at events with Southern roots such as NASCAR races. References to the Confederacy are also included in seven state flags. (See “Rebel Flags”) 

Many people in the South continue to defend the flag. “It’s not about slavery,” wrote Ron Springer, a descendant of American Revolution and Civil War veterans, in the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. “It’s about my ancestors fighting for their freedom.” 

To Southerners, the flag stands for many things, says Charles Zelden, a political science professor at Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. One is the memory of those who fought for the Confederacy. The flag also indicates a defiance of control by the federal government in Washington, D.C. Most important, he says, it symbolizes that the South, in its history and culture, is a different place than the North.  

“Symbols have the power to represent so much in a quick visual flash,” Zelden tells JS. “The flag is shorthand for: This is who I am, this is what I believe.”

The Confederate flag is deeply ingrained in Southern life. It is flown proudly from houses, from vehicles, and by fans at events with Southern roots, such as NASCAR races. References to the Confederacy are also included in seven state flags. (See “Rebel Flags")

Many people in the South continue to defend the flag. “It’s not about slavery,” wrote Ron Springer in the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Springer is a descendant of American Revolution and Civil War veterans. “It’s about my ancestors fighting for their freedom.”

To Southerners, the flag stands for many things, says Charles Zelden, a political science professor at Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. One is the memory of those who fought for the Confederacy. The flag also indicates a defiance against control by the federal government. Most important, he says, it symbolizes that the South, in its history and culture, is different from the North.

“Symbols have the power to represent so much in a quick visual flash,” Zelden tells JS. “The flag is shorthand for: This is who I am, this is what I believe.”

Yet for most African-Americans, the Confederate flag remains a reminder of a horrible past.After the Civil War, the U.S. adopted three amendments to the Constitution meant to transform the lives of blacks. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery; the 14th afforded all citizens equal protection of the laws, regardless of race; and the 15th guaranteed all male citizens the right to vote.

Still, Southern states continued to deny equal rights to blacks through Jim Crow laws. For almost a century, blacks were often subjected to violence, including lynching. 

During the civil rights movement of the 1950s and ’60s, blacks finally began winning some battles. Federal courts forced integration in schools, in public places, and on buses and trains. As Southerners bridled under such federal “interference,” the Confederate battle flag took on an added meaning. 

In 1961, the South Carolina legislature ordered the flag to be flown from the State House dome. Officially, the flag was there to commemorate the start of the Civil War 100 years earlier. But many people understood it to be a symbol of resistance to civil rights.

“The more the white South lost on this issue, the more important that flag came to be,” Zelden says. 

James Johnson, who grew up in North Charleston in the civil rights era, understood that meaning of the flag. When he was a boy, the Ku Klux Klan, a racist group that terrorized blacks, would march through town, always brandishing the Confederate flag. “That’s how they showed that they disliked you,” he tells JS. “There’s nothing good about that flag, as far as black folks are concerned.”

Zelden says the shootings in Charleston finally made that clear to many whites. “It took something that shocked the conscience of the legislature and of the state as a whole,” he says. “They couldn’t ignore the message of hate that so many associate with that flag.”

Yet for most African-Americans, the Confederate flag remains a reminder of a horrible past. After the Civil War, the U.S. adopted three amendments to the Constitution. They were meant to change the lives of blacks. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery. The 14th Amendment afforded all citizens equal protection of the laws, regardless of race. The 15th Amendment guaranteed all male citizens the right to vote.

Still, Southern states continued to deny equal rights to blacks through Jim Crow laws. For almost a century, blacks were often subjected to violence, including lynching.

During the civil rights movement of the 1950s and ’60s, blacks finally began winning some battles. Federal courts forced integration in schools, in public places, and on buses and trains. For white Southerners who resented such federal “interference,” the Confederate battle flag took on an added meaning.

In 1961, the South Carolina legislature ordered that the flag be flown from the State House dome. Officially, the flag was there to mark the start of the Civil War 100 years earlier. But many people understood it to be a symbol of resistance to civil rights.

“The more the white South lost on this issue, the more important that flag came to be,” Zelden says.

James Johnson, who grew up in North Charleston in the civil rights era, understood that meaning of the flag. When he was a boy, the Ku Klux Klan, a racist group that terrorized blacks, would march through town, always waving the Confederate flag. “That’s how they showed that they disliked you,” he tells JS. “There’s nothing good about that flag, as far as black folks are concerned.”

Zelden says the shootings in Charleston finally made that clear to many whites. “It took something that shocked the conscience of the legislature and of the state as a whole,” he says. “They couldn’t ignore the message of hate that so many associate with that flag.”

In the wake of the Charleston shootings, some Southern states are rethinking their relationship to the Confederate flag. Alabama quietly took down flags on its state capitol grounds. Other states are making efforts to remove it from license plates. Meanwhile, retailers such as Walmart have stopped selling items with the flag on them. 

It’s not just the flag that people are reconsidering. Countless streets, parks, and public monuments honor heroes of the Confederacy. Some of those names and symbols have also come under attack. Recently, Memphis, Tennessee, decided to take down a statue of Nathan Bedford Forrest, a Confederate commander and the first leader of the Ku Klux Klan. 

School names are also being examined. According to one count, 188 public schools in the U.S. are named for Confederate figures. 

At one, J.E.B. Stuart High School in Falls Church, Virginia, students have circulated a petition to rename the school, which honors a famed Confederate cavalry officer. The petition states that Confederate “names and themes on government buildings” benefit only “21st century White Supremacists.” Matt Levi, a teacher at the school, says it was purposely named for Stuart in 1959 as part of Virginia’s so-called Massive Resistance to integration.

Afia Kwarteng, who recently graduated from Stuart, signed the petition. “As a black student, I didn’t like attending a school named after someone who was for enslaving and oppressing my people,” she says. 

But Tony Konjevoda—another Stuart alumnus, who is white— thinks society needs to “move on” from trying to erase every trace of the Confederacy. Slavery was wrong, he says, but “changing the name will do nothing to change history or make amends.”

Many other Southerners agree: You can’t wipe the past clean. “George Washington owned slaves,” a great-great grandson of Nathan Bedford Forrest recently told a reporter. “Are you going to take him off the dollar bill?” 

Ben Jones, a former U.S. congressman from Georgia, calls the campaign of change a “feeding frenzy.” It “will not erase any scars nor heal any wounds,” he wrote in USA Today.

Other critics warn about endangering free speech. Experts say that an individual flying a Confederate flag on private property such as a lawn or a car antenna is protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. But when is displaying the flag in public an act of free speech, and when can authorities ban it as offensive? That can be tricky.

Texas has been struggling with this issue. The state allows many different specialty license plates. But when it rejected a design with the Confederate flag, the Sons of Confederate Veterans sued. The case made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in June sided with Texas. The plates are government property, said the Court—and Texas can reject any featuring the flag. 

Free-speech advocates disagreed with the ruling. Even the American Civil Liberties Union, a liberal legal-rights group that supported taking down the South Carolina flag, said the Court had gone too far. “When the state opens up a platform for private speech, it can’t pick and choose who gets to speak,” one ACLU attorney wrote.

Since the Charleston shootings, some Southern states have been rethinking their relationship to the Confederate flag. Alabama quietly took down flags on its state capitol grounds. Other states are making efforts to remove it from license plates. Meanwhile, retailers such as Walmart have stopped selling items with the flag on them.

It’s not just the flag that people are reconsidering. Countless streets, parks, and public monu­ments honor heroes of the Confed­eracy. Some of those names and symbols have also come under attack. Recently, Memphis, Tennessee, decided to take down a statue of Nathan Bedford Forrest. He was a Confederate commander and the first leader of the Ku Klux Klan.

School names are also being looked at. According to one count, 188 public schools in the U.S. are named for Confederate figures.

At one, J.E.B. Stuart High School in Falls Church, Virginia, students have circulated a petition to change the school’s name, which honors a famed Confederate cavalry officer. The petition states that Confederate “names and themes on government buildings” benefit only “21st century White Supremacists.” Matt Levi, a teacher at the school, says it was purposely named for Stuart in 1959 as part of Virginia’s so-called Massive Resistance to integration.

Afia Kwarteng, who recently graduated from Stuart High, signed the petition. “As a black student, I didn’t like attending a school named after someone who was for enslaving and oppressing my people,” she says.

But Tony Konjevoda thinks society needs to “move on” from trying to erase every trace of the Confederacy. Konjevoda, who is white, also attended Stuart High. Slavery was wrong, he says. But “changing the name will do nothing to change history or make amends.”

Many other Southerners agree that you can’t wipe the past clean. “George Washington owned slaves,” a great-great grandson of Nathan Bedford Forrest recently told a reporter. “Are you going to take him off the dollar bill?”

Ben Jones, a former U.S. congressman from Georgia, calls the campaign of change a “feeding frenzy.” It “will not erase any scars nor heal any wounds,” he wrote in USA Today.

Other critics warn about endangering free speech. Experts say that an individual flying a Confederate flag on private property such as a lawn or a car antenna is protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. But when is displaying the flag in public an act of free speech, and when can authorities ban it as offensive? That can be tricky.

Texas has been struggling with this issue. The state allows many different specialty license plates. But when it rejected a design with the Confederate flag, the Sons of Confederate Veterans sued. The case made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. In June, the Court sided with Texas. The plates are government property, said the Court. Texas can reject any plate designs that feature the flag.

Free-speech supporters disagreed with the ruling. Even the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), a liberal legal-rights group that supported taking down the South Carolina flag, said the Court had gone too far. “When the state opens up a platform for private speech, it can’t pick and choose who gets to speak,” one ACLU attorney wrote.