The Teens Who Feed America

Nationwide, an estimated 524,000 children and teens work on farms, growing and harvesting the fruits and vegetables Americans eat every day. Like Reyes, many of these young people are migrants, meaning that they move from one place to another to work. Far from home, they often miss days or even weeks of school. Some eventually drop out, making it harder for them to find well-paying jobs when they’re older.

Most shocking of all, say experts, is that it’s perfectly legal for kids to labor on farms for hours at a time.

“We don’t allow a 12-year-old to work in an air-conditioned office,” says Reid Maki, the director of child labor advocacy at the National Consumers League. “Yet U.S. law allows that same 12-year-old to work 10 to 12 hours a day performing backbreaking work harvesting crops . . . in temperatures that are often in the 90s and even 100 degrees.”

Nationwide, an estimated 524,000 children and teens work on farms. They grow and harvest the fruits and vegetables Americans eat every day. Like Reyes, many of these young people are migrants. This means they move from one place to another to work. They are far from home and often miss days or even weeks of school. Some eventually drop out. That makes it harder for them to find well-paying jobs when they are older.

Most shocking of all, say experts, is that it is perfectly legal for kids to labor on farms for hours at a time.

“We don’t allow a 12-year-old to work in an air-conditioned office,” says Reid Maki. He is the director of child labor advocacy at the National Consumers League. “Yet U.S. law allows that same 12-year-old to work 10 to 12 hours a day performing backbreaking work harvesting crops . . . in temperatures that are often in the 90s and even 100 degrees.”

In many places around the world, kids have to work to earn money for their families (see sidebar, below). In the U.S., child labor was widespread until the early 1900s. At the time, nearly 2 million kids younger than 15 were working long hours in dangerous conditions—many in coal mines or garment factories or on farms. Poor families, especially immigrants, often depended on the extra income their children brought in to survive.

In response to calls to protect young workers, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938. That federal law sets rules that govern the age at which young people can be employed, what kinds of jobs they can do, and how many hours they can work. But because family farming was widespread at the time and parents often relied on their kids to help out, agricultural labor was excluded from many of the rules. Those guidelines are still in effect today.

Currently, federal law says kids must be at least 16 to perform most nonfarm-related work. It also restricts kids under 16 to three hours of work on a school day.

But when it comes to farmwork, children as young as 12 are allowed to put in unlimited hours outside the school day. And for kids working on their families’ farms—where there is the expectation that their parents are looking out for them—there’s no minimum age at all.

In many places around the world, kids have to work to earn money for their families (see sidebar, below). In the U.S., child labor was widespread until the early 1900s. At the time, nearly 2 million kids younger than 15 were working long hours in dangerous conditions. Many worked in coal mines or garment factories or on farms. Poor families, especially immigrants, often depended on the extra income their children brought in to survive.

In response to calls to protect young workers, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938. That federal law sets rules that govern the age at which young people can be employed. The rules also state what kinds of jobs they can do and how many hours they can work. Agricultural labor was left out of many of the rules. That was because family farming was widespread at the time, and parents often relied on their kids to help out. Those guidelines are still in effect today.

Currently, federal law says kids must be at least 16 to perform most nonfarm-related work. It also restricts kids under 16 to three hours of work on a school day.

But when it comes to farmwork, children as young as 12 are allowed to put in unlimited hours outside the school day. And for kids who work on their families’ farms, there is no minimum age at all. That is because authorities expect that their parents are looking out for them.

For Reyes, working on farms has long been a way of life. And he takes pride in being able to help his family.

Today, he’s one of about 300,000 students across the country who migrate to follow the harvest (see map, below). Many of them are the children of immigrants, like Reyes. They’re often from poor families, and their parents lack the education or training to secure higher-paying jobs. As a result, these kids have to work to supplement their parents’ income.

Some leave their homes in March or April and don’t return until September or October. Along the way, they might attend different schools. Each time they move, they have to get used to new teachers and classmates. Plus, credits and coursework don’t always transfer from one school to another, so some migrant students end up having to retake certain classes.

At the same time, many of them are simply too exhausted to concentrate on schoolwork because they’re spending hours each day in the fields before and after class and on weekends. It can be hard for them to find time to study for tests or do homework. Sometimes, they skip school altogether or drop out—even though they’re not supposed to.

For Reyes, working on farms has long been a way of life. He takes pride in being able to help his family.

Today, he is one of about 300,000 students across the country who migrate to follow the harvest (see map, below). Many of them are the children of immigrants, like Reyes. Often, they are from poor families, and their parents lack the education or training to secure higher-paying jobs. As a result, these kids have to work to add to their parents’ income.

Some leave their homes in March or April and do not return until September or October. Along the way, they might go to different schools. Each time they move, they have to get used to new teachers and classmates. Plus, credits and coursework do not always transfer from one school to another. Some migrant students end up having to retake certain classes.

At the same time, many of them are simply too exhausted to concentrate on schoolwork. That is because they spend hours each day in the fields before and after class and on weekends. It can be hard for them to find time to study for tests or do homework. Some students skip school altogether or drop out, even though they are not supposed to.

Despite young farmworkers’ contributions, many of their families continue to struggle financially. One reason is that federal law allows agricultural workers of all ages to be paid less than the national minimum wage of $7.25 an hour. Instead, they’re often paid by how much they harvest: $16 for a crateful of onions or $3 for 72 bunches of kale, for example.

Those rates are supposed to equal or exceed the minimum wage when you factor in the number of hours worked. But that’s often not the case. So to earn as much as possible, multiple generations—kids, parents, and grandparents—often labor side by side in the fields, sharing the workload and their earnings.

Despite young farmworkers’ contributions, many of their families continue to struggle financially. One reason is that federal law allows agricultural workers of all ages to be paid less than the national minimum wage of $7.25 an hour. Instead, they are often paid by how much they harvest, such as $16 for a crateful of onions or $3 for 72 bunches of kale.

Those rates are supposed to equal or exceed the minimum wage when you factor in the number of hours worked. But often that is not the case. So to earn as much as possible, multiple generations often labor side by side in the fields. This includes kids, parents, and grandparents. They share the workload and their earnings.

Farmwork is also particularly hazardous. For one thing, workers can be exposed to pesticides for long periods of time, which can cause dizziness, nausea, brain damage, and certain types of cancer. In addition, some children aren’t given adequate breaks or enough water to drink.

Many also work long hours, which deprives them of the sleep their growing bodies and minds need. Reyes, for example, would often start his day at 5 in the morning and wouldn’t go to bed until midnight. “We wouldn’t have any time to sleep,” he says. “You feel exhausted.”

Plus, some kids have to use sharp tools and dangerous machinery, such as chain saws, hay balers, or forklifts. The federal government categorizes such tasks as “hazardous.” For all other industries, the minimum age for performing this type of work is 18. For farmwork, however, it’s 16—and there are no age restrictions for kids who work on their families’ farms.

According to the National Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, roughly 33 children are hurt in agriculture-related accidents every day. And since 2009, more kids have been killed while working in agriculture than in all other industries combined.

Farmwork is also very hazardous. For one thing, workers can be exposed to pesticides for long periods of time. This can cause dizziness, nausea, brain damage, and certain types of cancer. In addition, some children are not given enough breaks or enough water to drink.

Many also work long hours. That deprives them of the sleep their growing bodies and minds need. Reyes, for example, would often start his day at 5 in the morning and not go to bed until midnight. “We wouldn’t have any time to sleep,” he says. “You feel exhausted.”

Some kids have to use sharp tools and dangerous machinery, such as chain saws, hay balers, or forklifts. The federal government categorizes such tasks as “hazardous.” For all other industries, the minimum age for performing this type of work is 18. For farmwork, however, it is 16. There are no age restrictions for kids who work on their families’ farms.

According to the National Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, about 33 children are hurt in agriculture-related accidents every day. And since 2009, more kids have been killed while working in agriculture than in all other industries combined.

Experts say that one of the most effective ways to prevent young people from having to perform dangerous work on farms would be to pay adult farmworkers higher wages. That way, families would be able to survive without their kids getting such jobs—and young people could instead concentrate on school.

Critics of raising wages say that would mean higher prices at the grocery store. But they likely wouldn’t be as high as people might expect, say experts. According to research from the University of California, Davis, Americans would each need to pay just $21 more a year for their fruits and vegetables to increase farmworkers’ wages by 40 percent.

“Companies keep trying to scare people: If we pay people a fair living wage, it’s going to skyrocket prices,” says Norma Flores López of the East Coast Migrant Head Start Project, a group that helps migrant farmworkers and their families. “In reality, it’s not.” 

Many people also say that federal laws are needed to protect young farmworkers. This past summer, U.S. Representative Lucille Roybal-Allard of California reintroduced a bill that would raise the minimum age for kids to be allowed to work on most farms to 14—and prevent them from working more than three hours on a school day, the same as for other industries. 

In addition, experts say, it’s important to raise awareness about how food is produced in the U.S. They point out that Americans have become increasingly concerned about animal welfare in the food industry and have begun to eat less meat. Yet many people don’t think twice about where their fruits and vegetables come from. That needs to change, say experts. 

“You go and have your salad, but don’t realize someone’s breaking their back to harvest that,” says Juan Anciso, a professor at Texas A&M AgriLife Extension.

Experts say that one of the most effective ways to keep young people from having to do dangerous work on farms would be to pay adult farmworkers higher wages. That way, families would be able to survive without their kids having to take such jobs. Young people could focus on school instead.

Critics of raising wages say that would mean higher prices at the grocery store. But prices likely would not be as high as people might expect, say experts. According to research from the University of California, Davis, Americans would each need to pay just $21 more a year for their fruits and vegetables to increase farmworkers’ wages by 40 percent.

“Companies keep trying to scare people: [They are saying] if we pay people a fair living wage, it’s going to skyrocket prices,” says Norma Flores López . She is from the East Coast Migrant Head Start Project, a group that helps migrant farmworkers and their families. “In reality, it’s not.”

Many people also say that federal laws are needed to protect young farmworkers. This past summer, U.S. Representative Lucille Roybal-Allard of California reintroduced a bill that would raise the minimum age for kids to be allowed to work on most farms to 14. The bill would also prevent them from working more than three hours on a school day, the same as for other industries.

In addition, experts say, it is important to raise awareness about how food is produced in the U.S. They point out that Americans have become increasingly concerned about animal welfare in the food industry. As a result, they have begun to eat less meat. Yet many people do not think twice about where their fruits and vegetables come from. That needs to change, say experts.

“You go and have your salad, but don’t realize someone’s breaking their back to harvest that,” says Juan Anciso. He is a professor at Texas A&M AgriLife Extension.